Carpeta is a folder. Carpet is alfombra.

Tell your landlord the carpeta in the living room is filthy and they'll go looking for your paperwork.

You said
La carpeta de la sala está muy sucia.
What it means: The folder in the living room is very dirty.
A local says
La alfombra de la sala está muy sucia.
The living room carpet is really dirty.
Why: Carpeta means folder. A carpet is una alfombra, and in Mexico a rug is un tapete.
Looking round an apartment in Guadalajara
Perdón, pero la carpeta está muy sucia.
The landlord opens a drawer. "¿Cuál carpeta? Aquí están los papeles del contrato."

Carpeta sounds like carpet, but it belongs in the office: a folder, a file or a binder. You keep your documents en una carpeta, a Mexican school list asks for una carpeta de argollas (a ring binder), and on a computer a folder is una carpeta too: guárdalo en la carpeta de descargas (save it in the downloads folder). So a dirty carpeta in the living room is somebody's paperwork that needs a wipe.

The thing on the floor is una alfombra. In Mexico, alfombra usually means fitted carpet, the kind that covers the whole room, while a rug you can roll up is un tapete. Tapete also covers a doormat and a bath mat (el tapete del baño). In Spain a rug is una alfombra as well, and fitted carpet is moqueta, a word you won't need in Latin America.

Useful around the house: aspirar la alfombra (to vacuum the carpet), la aspiradora (the vacuum cleaner) and trapear (to mop, in Mexico and Central America). If you can't remember any of them, point and say esto: esto está muy sucio gets the message across. And la alfombra roja is the red carpet, the one place where the word turns up on the news.

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Also worth knowing

SpanishEnglish
¿Dónde está la aspiradora?Where's the vacuum cleaner?
Guárdalo en esta carpeta.Keep it in this folder.
Quítate los zapatos, acabo de lavar el tapete.Take your shoes off, I've just washed the rug.

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Questions people ask

What does carpeta mean in Spanish?

A folder, file or binder, for paper or on a computer. It never means carpet.

How do you say carpet in Spanish?

Alfombra. In Mexico, alfombra usually means fitted carpet and a rug you can roll up is un tapete. In Spain, fitted carpet is moqueta.

How do you say folder on a computer in Spanish?

Carpeta, the same word: crea una carpeta nueva (create a new folder), guárdalo en esa carpeta (save it in that folder).